Site Map

• What Is MS?
  • Definition of MS
    • Myelin
    • Immune-Mediated Disease
    • T Cells
  • What Causes MS?
    • Disproved Theories
    • Viruses
    • Clusters
  • Who Gets MS?
    • Pediatric MS
      • Pediatric MS Support
      • Network of Pediatric MS Centers
    • African Americans
    • Hispanics & Latino/as
  • Multiple Sclerosis FAQs
  • Types of MS
    • Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS)
      • Symptoms and Diagnosis of CIS
      • Treatments of CIS
      • Support and Resources for Individuals with CIS
      • FAQs about CIS
    • Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)
      • Diagnosing RRMS
      • Treating RRMS
      • Research in RRMS
    • Secondary progressive MS (SPMS)
      • When the transition to SPMS occurs
      • Diagnosing SPMS
      • Treating SPMS
      • Research in SPMS
      • FAQs about SPMS
    • Primary progressive MS (PPMS)
      • Diagnosing PPMS
      • Treating PPMS
      • Research in PPMS
      • FAQs about PPMS
  • Related Conditions
    • Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
      • Symptoms and Diagnosis of ADEM
      • Treatments of ADEM
      • Research in ADEM
      • Support and Resources for Individuals with ADEM
      • FAQs about ADEM
    • Balo’s Disease
      • Symptoms and Diagnosis of Balo's Disease
      • Treatments of Balo's Disease
      • Research in Balo's Disease
      • Support and Resources for Individuals with Balo's Disease
      • FAQs about Balo's Disease
    • HTLV-I Associated Myelopathy (HAM)
      • Symptoms and Diagnosis of HAM
      • Treatments of HAM
      • Research in HAM
      • Support and Resources for Individuals with HAM
      • FAQs about HAM
    • Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO)
      • Symptoms and Diagnosis of NMO
      • Treatments of NMO
      • Research in NMO
      • Support and Resources for Individuals with NMO
      • FAQs about NMO
    • Schilder's Disease
      • Symptoms and Diagnosis of Schilder's Disease
      • Treatments of Schilder's Disease
      • Research in Schilder's Disease
      • Support and Resources for Individuals with Schilder's Disease
      • FAQs about Schilder's Disease
    • Transverse Myelitis
      • Symptoms and Diagnosis of Transverse Myelitis
      • Treatments of Transverse Myelitis
      • Research in Transverse Myelitis
      • Support and Resources for Individuals with Transverse Myelitis
      • FAQs about Transverse Myelitis
• Symptoms & Diagnosis
  • MS Symptoms
    • Fatigue
    • Walking (Gait) Difficulties
    • Numbness or Tingling
    • Spasticity
    • Weakness
    • Vision Problems
    • Dizziness and Vertigo
    • Bladder Problems
    • Sexual Problems
    • Bowel Problems
    • Pain
    • Cognitive Changes
    • Emotional Changes
    • Speech Problems
    • Swallowing Problems
    • Tremor
    • Seizures
    • Breathing Problems
    • Itching
    • Headache
    • Depression
    • Hearing Loss
  • Diagnosing MS
  • Possible MS
  • Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS)
  • Newly Diagnosed
  • Diagnosing Tools
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
    • Evoked Potentials (EP)
  • Other Conditions to Rule Out
    • Lyme Disease
    • Lupus
    • Neuromyelitis Optica
    • Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
  • For Clinicians
• Treating MS
  • Comprehensive Care
    • Developing a Healthcare Team
    • Make the Most of Your Doctor Visits
    • Advance Medical Directives
  • Find an MS Care Provider
    • Partners in MS Care
  • Medications
    • Adherence
    • Financial Assistance Programs
    • Meds used for MS off label
    • Make Medications Accessible
      • Recommendations
      • Take Action
    • Amantadine
    • Ampyra
    • Antivert
    • Atarax
    • Aubagio
    • Avonex
    • Baclofen
    • Bactrim
    • Betaseron
    • BOTOX
    • Caverject
    • Cialis
    • Cipro
    • Colace
    • Copaxone
    • Cymbalta
    • Dantrium
    • DDAVP Nasal Spray
    • Decadron
    • Deltasone
    • Detrol
    • Dilantin
    • Ditropan
    • Ditropan XL
    • Dulcolax and Bisacolax
    • Effexor
    • Elavil
    • Enablex
    • Enemeez
    • Extavia
    • Fleet Enema
    • Flomax
    • Gilenya
    • Glatiramer Acetate
    • Glatopa
    • H.P. Acthar
    • Hiprex
    • Hytrin
    • Klonopin
    • Laniazid
    • Lemtrada
    • Levitra
    • Lioresal Intrathecal
    • Mineral Oil
    • Macrodantin
    • Metamucil
    • Minipress
    • Miralax
    • Myrbetriq
    • Neurontin
    • MUSE
    • Novantrone
    • Nuedexta
    • Nuvigil
    • Ocrevus
    • Oxytrol
    • Pamelor - Aventyl
    • Papaverine
    • Paxil
    • Phillips' Milk of Magnesia
    • Plegridy
    • Provigil
    • Prozac
    • Pyridium
    • Rebif
    • Sanctura
    • Sani-Supp Suppository
    • Solu-Medrol
    • Tecfidera
    • Tegretol
    • Tofranil
    • Tysabri
    • Valium
    • Vesicare
    • Viagra
    • Wellbutrin
    • Zanaflex
    • Zinbryta
    • Zoloft
    • Generic and Biosimilar - Medications
      • Frequently Asked Questions: Generic and Biosimilar - Medications
  • Managing Relapses
    • Plasmapheresis
  • Rehabilitation
    • Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)
  • Complementary & Alternative Medicines
    • Chiropractic Therapy
    • Marijuana (Cannabis)
      • FAQs
    • Massage and Bodywork
    • Acupuncture
  • For Clinicians
• Resources & Support
  • Library & Education Programs
    • Email newsletter
    • Mood Changes in MS
    • Webinar Series
      • Archive
    • Momentum Magazine
    • Educational Videos
      • General Information and Newly Diagnosed
      • Treatments and Symptom Management
      • Health and Wellness
      • Progressive MS and Major Changes
      • Research
      • For Children and Families
      • Employment, Legal and Financial Planning
      • En Español
    • Knowledge Is Power
      • Taking the First Steps
      • Treatments for MS
      • Employment and Financial Security
      • Treating Yourself Well
      • Maintaining Healthy Relationships
      • Working with Your Doctor
      • Building and Maintaining Intimate Relationships
      • Parenting with MS
      • For Family, Friends and Loved Ones
      • En Español
      • Glossary of Terms
      • Wellness Worksheets
    • Live Fully, Live Well
    • Everyday Matters
      • Happiness As A Habit
      • Adjusting Our Mindset
      • The Tetris Effect
      • Success Through Resilience
      • The Zorro Circle
      • The Path of Least Resistance
      • Building Your Community
      • Keeping the Momentum Going
    • Resilience: Addressing the Challenges of MS
    • You CAN!
      • Improve Your Balance
      • Keep Moving!
      • Manage Annoying Sensory Symptoms
      • Manage Fatigue
      • Save Grace if you FALL
      • Speak More Clearly and Swallow More Safely
      • Talk to Others About Your Fatigue
      • "Be There" for Each Other
      • Build Healthier Bones
      • Exercise — or not — in Water
      • Fan the Flame
      • Get a Handle on Stress
      • Maintain Good Nutrition!
      • Manage Family Issues
      • Manage Your Medications
      • Stay Flexible Through Stretching
      • Enjoy a Winter Sport
      • Handle Going to School!
      • Manage a Holiday Dinner
      • Plan a Trip
      • Prepare Your Own Meals
      • Set New Personal Goals
      • Swim Like a Fish
    • Webcasts
    • DVDs
    • Books
      • MS Basics
      • Healthy Living & Symptom Management
      • Family & Carepartners
      • Employment, Insurance & Money Matters
      • Personal Stories From MS leaders, Ambassadors & Researchers
    • For Kids: Keep S'myelin
    • Información en Español
      • Enlaces a Otros Sitios
      • Kit de Información
    • Brochures
      • General Information and Newly Diagnosed
      • Research
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      • Health and Wellness
      • Treatments and Symptom Management
      • Progressive MS and Major Changes
      • For Children & Families
      • Información en Español
      • All Brochures
    • Free From Falls
      • Causes and Risks Associated with Falls
      • Staying Safe at Home
  • Find Support
    • Ask an MS Navigator
    • Community at MSconnection.org
    • Join a Local Support Group
    • Peer Connections: One-on-One
      • For Connection Program Volunteers
    • Edward M. Dowd Personal Advocate Program
  • Advanced Care Needs
    • Pressure Sores
    • Osteoporosis
    • Seeking Services: Questions to Ask
  • Resources for Specific Populations
    • Pediatric MS Support
      • Alie's Fund
    • Veterans with Multiple Sclerosis
  • Find Programs & Services in Your Area
  • Calendar of Programs and Events
• Living Well with MS
  • Diet, Exercise & Healthy Behaviors
    • Diet & Nutrition
      • Take Control of Your Weight
      • Portion Control
      • Low Carb
      • Omega-3
    • Exercise
      • Yoga and MS
      • Adaptive Tai Chi
    • Heat & Temperature Sensitivity
    • Sleep
    • Vaccinations
    • Women's Health
      • Pregnancy
        • Pregnancy Registration
      • Menstrual Cycle and Menopause
    • Unhealthy Habits
    • Managing MS and Another Condition
      • Allergies
      • Multiple Diagnoses
    • Aging with MS
    • Anesthesia and Surgery
    • Managing Your MS
  • Emotional Well-Being
    • Mood Changes
  • Spiritual Well-Being
    • Building Spirituality into Your Life
  • Cognitive Health
  • Work, Home & Leisure
    • Employment
      • Disclosure Decisions
        • Should I Tell?
        • Whom Should I Tell?
        • How Much Should I Tell?
        • Support for Your Decision
      • Career Options
      • Accommodations
      • Find Local Employment Resources
    • Insurance & Financial Information
      • Health Insurance and Medicare
        • Job-Based Health Insurance
          • COBRA
          • HIPAA
        • Individual Health Insurance
        • Medicare
          • FAQs about Medicare
          • Medicare Prescription Drug Plans
            • Original Medicare or Medicare Advantage?
            • Who Pays What?
            • What to Look for When Comparing Plans
            • Financial Assistance for Medicare Drug Plans
            • When and How to Enroll in Medicare Prescription Drug Plans
            • Glossary of Medicare Prescription Drug Plan Terms
            • Medicare Prescription Drug Resources
        • Medicaid and Other Public Health Insurance Programs
        • Health Insurance Appeals and Exception Requests
        • Resources for the Uninsured and Underinsured
          • Finding Lower-priced Drugs
          • Managing Your Personal Finances, With or Without Health Insurance
      • Disability Insurance
        • Social Security Disability Insurance
          • Frequently Asked Questions about SSDI
          • Compassionate Allowances
        • Private Disability Insurance
      • Life and Long-Term Care Insurance
      • Financial Resources
        • Financial Planning
        • Scholarship Program
          • Application Information
          • Resources
          • <style>li[aria-labelledby="2018-Orientation-link"]{display: none;}.CMSBreadCrumbsCurrentItem{display:none;}</style>2018 Orientation
          • 2017 Scholars
        • Assistance for Adaptive Equipment
    • Staying Mobile
    • Reclaiming Control
    • Accessibility
    • Technology
    • Recreation
      • Accessible Bicycling
      • Finding Another Sport To Love
      • Accessible Nature Trails
    • Travel
      • A Doctor's Travel Tips
    • Emergencies & Disasters
  • Relationships
    • Disclosure
    • Family Matters
      • Carepartners
    • Parenting
    • Intimacy
    • Self Advocacy in the Family
    • Preventing Abuse
      • Preventing Tension
      • Caregivers and Your Personal Safety
    • Testing for Living well
• Research
  • Participate in Research Studies
    • Participate in a Clinical Trial
      • MS Trial Alerts
      • Clinical Trial FAQs
      • Clinical Trial Resources
      • Placebo Response
    • Surveys and Other Research Studies
    • Participate in Genetic Studies
    • Donate to Tissue Banks
      • Umbilical Cord Blood Donation
  • Research News & Progress
    • Research News
      • Quarterly Updates
        • Winter 2015-2016
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        • Spring 2014
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      • Research Call Archive
      • CCSVI
        • Society-funded CCSVI research
    • MSPARIS2017
    • Stem Cells in MS
      • Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplant – HSCT
      • Mesenchymal Stem Cells and iPSCs
      • Stem Cell Clinics – Questions to Ask
      • National MS Society Research in Stem Cells
      • Glossary of Terms Related to Stem Cell Therapy
    • Progressive MS Research
    • Clinical Trials in MS
    • Wellness and Lifestyle Research
    • Diet
    • Vitamin D
    • How and Why Do Scientists Share Results
  • Research We Fund
    • Stopping MS In Its Tracks
      • Research on the Immune System
      • Progressive MS Research
        • International Progressive MS Alliance
      • Searching for Better Therapies
      • Health Care Delivery and Policy
      • Understanding Tissue Damage
    • Restoring What's Been Lost
      • Repairing Damaged Tissues
      • Rehabilitation Research
      • Health Care Delivery & Policy
      • Psychosocial Aspects of MS
    • Ending the Disease Forever
      • Searching for MS Genes
      • Searching for Triggering Factors
    • How We Fund Research
      • How We Fuel Impact
      • Melissa Martin
      • Bill Sample
      • Nancy Speer and Ray Anderson
      • Bill Monahan
    • FAQs about Society Research
    • Past Research Efforts
    • Driving Solutions
      • Encouraging Innovation
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        • What We Fund
        • Who We've Funded
          • General Funding
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      • Training Researchers and Clinicians
  • For Researchers
• Get Involved
  • Volunteer
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        • William Monahan
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      • Volunteer of the Year
        • 2015 - William McNally
        • 2014 - Yolanda Treiguts
        • 2013 - Dick Knutson
        • 2012 - Dean Munger
        • 2011 - Ryan Asdourian
        • 2010 - Tom Holtackers
        • 2009 - Kevin O'Sullivan
  • Advocate for Change
    • Become an MS Activist
      • Join the MS Activist Network
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        • Access to High Quality MS Healthcare Principles
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        • Write Your Elected Officials
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• Donate
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• About the Society
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• Helpful Links
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• For Professionals
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    • Society Funding
      • Research Funding Principles and Priorities
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          • View summer 2018 mentorship sites
      • Pilot Research Grants
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      • Clinical Study Measures
        • 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT)
        • Ambulation Index (AI)
        • Bladder Control Scale (BLCS)
        • Bowel Control Scale (BWCS)
        • Disease Steps (DS)
        • Functional Systems Scores (FSS) and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)
        • Health Status Questionnaire (SF-36)
        • Impact of Visual Impairment Scale (IVIS)
        • Mental Health Inventory (MHI)
        • Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS)
        • MOS Modified Social Support Survey (MSSS)
        • MOS Pain Effects Scale (PES)
        • Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC)
        • Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54)
        • Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI)
        • Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)
        • Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ)
        • Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSS)
        • Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25-FW)
      • Rehabilitation Research
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  • Professional Resource Center
    • About MS
      • Immunology of MS
      • Disease Courses
      • Epidemiology and Causation
      • Interaction of Genetics and the Environment
        • Genetics
        • Environmental Factors
    • Diagnosing MS
      • Diagnostic Criteria
        • Key References for MRI
      • Clinically Isolated Syndrome
      • Diagnostic Workup
      • Signs and Symptoms Consistent with Demyelinating Disease
        • Presenting Symptoms
        • Neuroinflammatory Disorders
      • Differential Diagnosis
      • Suggestive Features vs Red Flags
    • Managing MS
      • Comprehensive Care
        • Interdisciplinary Model
      • Relapse Management
      • Disease Modification
        • Indications, Dosing, Etc.
        • Patient Support Programs
        • Warnings & Safety Management
        • Mechanisms & Side Effects
        • Optimizing Treatment Outcomes
      • Symptom Management
        • Ambulation Problems
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        • Fatigue
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        • Spasticity
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        • Vertigo
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      • Rehabilitation
        • Internal Classification of Functioning
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          • Baseline Evaluation
          • Realistic Goal Setting
          • Assessment and Intervention
          • Assessment Measures
      • Psychosocial Support
      • Reproductive Issues
        • MS and Conception
        • The Impact of Pregnancy on MS
        • Disease Management Before, During and After
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